![]() ![]() ![]() Many of Fry functions are related to its role as an essential scaffolding factor and activator of NDR1 and NDR2 ( nuclear Dbf-2- related) protein kinases. In mammalian cells, Fry was found in association with microtubules regulating chromosome alignment, bipolar spindle formation in mitosis, and in yes-associated protein (YAP) cytoplasmic retention 21, 22, 23, 24. cerevisiae Tao3p, implicate this protein in the control of cell division, transcriptional asymmetry, cell polarization, and morphogenesis 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. In invertebrates, and in fission and budding yeasts, the phenotypes associated with loss-of-function mutants of Fry orthologs, including Drosophila Fry, C. Additionally in vertebrates, there are two leucine zipper motifs and a coiled-coil motif at the C-terminus 12. Fry protein is composed of an N-terminal Furry domain (FD) with HEAT/Armadillo repeats followed by five regions without any recognizable functional domains. The Furry (Fry) gene encodes a large protein (~ 330 kDa) that is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans. In fact, numerous transcription factors controlling axis determination later regulate the morphogenetic behavior of the cells in which they are expressed 8, 9, 10, 11. The process of gastrulation is linked to determination of mesodermal cell fates, such that patterning of tissue fates and patterning of cell behavior are interconnected. Gastrulation movements are orchestrated by a small, heterogeneous group of cells with inductive and morphogenetic properties located in the dorsal lip of the blastopore (DBL) of the amphibian gastrula known as the Spemann-Mangold organizer or dorsal organizer. During convergent extension, mesodermal cells polarize and intercalate with each other along the mediolateral axis, narrowing and extending the dorsal midline 6, 7. Simultaneously, on the dorsal side of the embryo, axial and paraxial mesoderm tissues undergo convergent extension which elongates the anterior–posterior axis and aids blastopore closure. As involution proceeds, the blastopore progressively decreases in diameter, defining the posterior of the embryo, and closes at the end of gastrulation 2. Involution follows bottle cell contraction and spreads laterally and ventrally leading to the formation of the blastopore, a ring of involuting cells that encircles the yolky vegetal endoderm cells. The large size of the embryo and its cells allows extensive manipulation and high resolution live microscopy of explant cultures 3, 5.Īt the beginning of Xenopus gastrulation, the presumptive anterior mesoderm cells located at the dorsal marginal zone (DMZ) roll inward at the midline of the blastopore lip in a process called involution. The embryo of the frog Xenopus laevis is widely used as a model of cell polarization, migration, and morphogenesis due to its unique experimental advantages. assembly of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during gastrulation and numerous other morphogenetic events 2, 3, 4. Additionally, cell polarity regulates the mechanical behaviors of the tissue, e.g. Cell polarity controls orientated cell division, cell shape changes, as well as cell movement. In order to break the initial “egg shape” of the embryo, cells need to polarize in a precise and coordinated manner. The morphogenetic movements of gastrulation rearrange the three germ layers precursors, positioning mesodermal cells between outer ectodermal and inner endodermal cells to shape the head-to-tail body axis. Gastrulation is a crucial time in animal development during which major cell and tissue movements shape the basic body plan 1, 2. Finally, we evaluate a functional interaction between Fry and NDR1 kinase, providing evidence of an evolutionarily conserved complex required for morphogenesis. Loss of Fry function drastically affects the movement and morphological polarization of cells during gastrulation and disrupts dorsal mesoderm convergent extension, responsible for head-to-tail elongation. Using morpholino knock-down, we demonstrate a distinct role for Fry in blastopore closure and dorsal axis elongation. Here, we show that in Xenopus, Fry plays a role in morphogenetic processes during gastrulation, in addition to its previously described function in the regulation of dorsal mesoderm gene expression. However, little is known about its function in vertebrate development. ![]() The furry ( fry) gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein with a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell polarization and morphogenesis in invertebrates. Cell polarization is essential during gastrulation, driving asymmetric cell division, cell movements, and cell shape changes. Gastrulation is a key event in animal embryogenesis during which germ layer precursors are rearranged and the embryonic axes are established. ![]()
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